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Linux is all about choice, and this extends to the technology that makes the file system work Unlike with Windows, where the only real choice these days is NTFS, Linux offers many types of file system The basic features of every file system are present in all these types, but each is optimized for a different set of tasks Most are scalable, however, which means that they will work just as happily on a desktop PC as on a massive cluster of computers Ubuntu uses the ext4 file system This is a popular choice among distros, and nearly all home- or office-oriented distros use it That said, people are constantly arguing about which file system is best The principal measuring stick is performance.

Carefully think about which rows will be returned by these two queries. With just a cursory comparison of the statements in Listings 4-5 and 4-6 and those in Listings 4-7 and 4-8, it is not uncommon for someone to think that if the first pair returns those members who have entered an Open tournament, then the second pair will return those who have not. But this is not the case. The table in Figure 4-2 shows the result of the inner join between Entry and Tournament in Listings 4-6 and 4-8. The bottom set of rows are all for Open tournaments, and these will be retrieved by Listing 4-6, which has the condition WHERE t.TourType = 'Open'. The top set of entries are all for tournaments other than Open and will be retrieved by Listing 4-8, which has the condition WHERE t.TourType <> 'Open'.

Your computer spends a lot of time writing and reading files, so the faster a file system is, the faster your PC will be overall (although, in reality, the hardware is of equal importance) Note that what we re talking about here is the underlying and invisible technology of the file system In day-to-day use, the end user won t be aware of any difference between ext4, reiserfs, or another file system technology (although when things go wrong, different tools are used to attempt repairs; their selection is automated within Ubuntu) Here are the various types along with notes about what they offer: ext4: Understandably, and logically, this is an extension of ext3 Among other things, it features support for much larger hard disks and is also faster reiserfs: This is another journaling file system, which claims to be faster than others and also offers better security features.

To understand the difference between a hard link and a symbolic link, you should understand the role of inodes on a Linux file system Every Linux file or directory (from a technical point of view, there s no real difference between them) has an inode, and this inode contains all of the file s metadata (That is, all the administrative data needed to read a file is stored in its inode) For example, the inode contains a list of all the blocks in which a file is stored, the owner information, permissions, and all other attributes that are set for the file In a sense, you could say that a file really is the inode, and names are attached to these inodes to make it easier for humans to work with them.

It has fallen out of favor in recent years jfs: This is a journaling file system created by IBM It s used on industrial implementations of UNIX xfs: This is a 64-bit journaling file system created by Silicon Graphics, Inc (SGI) and used on its own version of UNIX as well as Linux zfs: Another new file system technology (like ext4), its main benefit is support for huge storage systems This is because of its 128-bit approach It is used in the Sun Microsystems Solaris and OpenSolaris operating systems..

If you want to have a look at inodes, on an Ext2 or Ext3 file system you can use the (potentially dangerous!) command debugfs This opens a low-level file system debugger from which you can issue advanced repair commands You can also just check the properties of the file system and files that are used in it (which is not dangerous at all) The following procedure shows how to display the inode for a given file using this file system debugger 1 Use the command ls -il to find the inode number of the file /etc/hosts As you can see in Listing 4-4, the inode number is the first item mentioned in the output of this command Listing 4-4 The Command ls -il Shows the Inode Number of a File sander@ubuntu:/$ ls -il /etc/hosts 15024138 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 253 2007-06-05 00:20 /etc/hosts 2.