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Although we talk of user and group names, these are provided only for the benefit of humans. Internally, Ubuntu uses a numerical system to identify users and groups. These are referred to as user IDs (UIDs) and group IDs (GIDs), respectively. Under Ubuntu, all the GID and UID numbers below 1,000 are reserved for the system. This means that the first nonroot user account created during installation will probably be given a UID of 1000. In addition, any new groups created after installation are numbered from 1,000. The first user you add has a UID of 1000 and a GID of 1000, the second user a UID of 1001, and so on.

In Figure 4-2 the oval at the bottom represents the people who have entered Open tournaments (those in the bottom part of the table), and the top oval represents those who have entered other types of tournaments (the top part of the table). Some people (in the overlap) have entered both types. Check the numbers in the ovals with those in the table to see where they come from.

Note UID and GID information isn t important during everyday use, and most commands used to administer users, groups, and file permissions understand the human-readable names. However, knowing about UIDs and GIDs can prove useful when you re undertaking more complicated system administration, such as setting up a restricted system for children or scripting.

Using root permissions, open the file system debugger While starting it, use as an argument the name of the Ext2 or Ext3 file system on which your file resides For example, our example file /etc/hosts is on a logical volume with the name /dev/ubuntu/root, so the command would be sudo debugfs /dev/ubuntu/root This opens the debugfs interactive prompt 3 Now use the debugfs command stat to display the contents of the inode that you want to examine For example, in this case you would type stat <15024138> The result of this command is similar to what you see in Listing 4-5 Listing 4-5.

The easiest and quickest way to add a new user or group is to use the Users and Groups tool under the System Administration menu. Of course, you can also perform these tasks through the command line.

To add a new user, choose System Administration Users and Groups. Next, click Add. In the authentication window, supply your password and click Authenticate. You ll see the Create New User dialog box, as shown in Figure 21-2.

It is situations like the one shown in Figure 4-2 that can be potentially confusing when we start looking at negatives. When we ask for people who have not entered an Open tournament, we have to make sure we distinguish the two cases shown in Figure 4-3.

Showing the Contents of an Inode Inode: 13 Type: regular Mode: 0644 Flags: 0x0 84821287 User: 0 Group: 0 Size: 1763308 File ACL: 0 Directory ACL: 0 Links: 1 Blockcount: 3460 Fragment: Address: 0 Number: 0 Size: 0 ctime: 0x4664e51e -- Tue Jun 5 00:22:54 2007 atime: 0x4664e51e -- Tue Jun 5 00:22:54 2007 mtime: 0x4621e007 -- Sun Apr 15 04:19:19 2007 BLOCKS: Generation: 5.

Figure 21-2 Adding new users and groups is easy with the Users and Groups program Fill out the fields on the Account tab, and optionally the Contact, User Privileges, and Advanced tabs, as follows: Create a new user: As during initial installation (see 5), you re invited to enter a username as well as a real name The username is how the user is identified to the system, while the real name is how the user will be identified to other users By default they are set to the same Press OK when done Changing user password for: You can set the user s password by hand or let the system generate a random password for you In either case, make sure to remember the password to give it to the person that will use the user account.